Wednesday, July 30, 2014

This is a post about charity, and doing good.

This is a post about charity, and doing good.

In the very beginning, let me stress that this is not a dismissal of the good works done by activists, volunteers, the peace corps, or anybody else. People do good work.

And, this is not meant to say that you should give away your money if you don't want to. Clearly. 

But.

The point -- it seems -- of going to the peace corps, or volunteer for a green organization, or running a soup kitchen, is to help people. That is, to do good in the world.

That is, the ultimate point isn't to make yourself a better person, or get to know yourself, or to understand the plight of the agricultural worker. The point is to make the world a better place.

So, shouldn't we -- ought we, in fact -- do charity in the way that creates the most good?

As an example from pop culture, in How I Met Your Mother, the lawyer Marshall wants to do good in the world by being an environmental lawyer. But, he has a wife and kid (spoilers) to support, so he works for the evil corporate GNB. His expenses increase, and he cannot afford to not work there.

Let us pretend for a moment that Marshall GNB salary is approximately that of a first-year associate doing big-law in DC: 160k. And that his environmental law job is 60k.

That's a huge difference, yes? So much so that Marshall could take $60,000 from his big-law firm to pay for a younger version of him to, you know, work for the environmental lobby and still wind up with more money.  And the younger version of him, who doesn't have a kid and house, would be happy.

Instead, there's a lot of pretending that it is all or nothing. I think this attitude is pervasive -- either we're sellouts or we're martyrs. And its bullshit.

Give Directly has evidence -- actual empirical evidence -- that giving money to people does actual, lasting good. And, they open their books and practice a radical sort of transparency.  Not volunteering in a soup kitchen, not going to Africa to teach English, but getting as much money as possible from the market and giving huge portions of it away.

It is why Carnegie will be remembered, and it is what Buffet is trying to get billionaires to do. 

It doesn't have to come from the billionaires. It can come from all of us, producing as much as possible to extract as much wealth from the market as possible and, instead of lifestyle inflation, give the money to the needy.

So -- what's the point of this? Its half introspection, and half the message of: Do good work. If you want to do charity, don't become a lawyer who volunteers at a soup kitchen -- use your legal education to build your income, and use your income to do charity.

Friday, July 25, 2014

Shared by popular demand. I originally saw this on Newsblur. Then I lost it for months, and refound it on Quora.

Shared by popular demand. I originally saw this on Newsblur. Then I lost it for months, and refound it on Quora.

Originally shared by William Nichols

Dianne - I have been looking for this for weeks.

★Menstruation and Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM): What is the evolutionary benefit or purpose of having periods?
Why can't women just get pregnant without the menstrual cycle?

Sorry I omitted biological from the question so late into the question guys, I realized it was resulting in some deviating answers :)

Suzanne Sadedin, PhD in Zoology from Monash Uni... (more) 

I'm so glad you asked. Seriously. The answer to this question is one of the most illuminating and disturbing stories in human evolutionary biology, and almost nobody knows about it. And so, O my friends, gather close, and hear the extraordinary tale of:

HOW THE WOMAN GOT HER PERIOD

Contrary to popular belief, most mammals do not menstruate. In fact, it's a feature exclusive to the higher primates and certain bats*. What's more, modern women menstruate vastly more than any other animal. And it's bloody stupid (sorry). A shameful waste of nutrients, disabling, and a dead giveaway to any nearby predators. To understand why we do it, you must first understand that you have been lied to, throughout your life, about the most intimate relationship you will ever experience: the mother-fetus bond.

Isn't pregnancy beautiful? Look at any book about it. There's the future mother, one hand resting gently on her belly. Her eyes misty with love and wonder. You sense she will do anything to nurture and protect this baby. And when you flip open the book, you read about more about this glorious symbiosis, the absolute altruism of female physiology designing a perfect environment for the growth of her child.

If you've actually been pregnant, you might know that the real story has some wrinkles. Those moments of sheer unadulterated altruism exist, but they're interspersed with weeks or months of overwhelming nausea, exhaustion, crippling backache, incontinence, blood pressure issues and anxiety that you'll be among the 15% of women who experience life-threatening complications.

From the perspective of most mammals, this is just crazy. Most mammals sail through pregnancy quite cheerfully, dodging predators and catching prey, even if they're delivering litters of 12. So what makes us so special? The answer lies in our bizarre placenta. In most mammals, the placenta, which is part of the fetus, just interfaces with the surface of the mother's blood vessels, allowing nutrients to cross to the little darling. Marsupials don't even let their fetuses get to the blood: they merely secrete a sort of milk through the uterine wall. Only a few mammalian groups, including primates and mice, have evolved what is known as a “hemochorial” placenta, and ours is possibly the nastiest of all.

Inside the uterus we have a thick layer of endometrial tissue, which contains only tiny blood vessels. The endometrium seals off our main blood supply from the newly implanted embryo. The growing placenta literally burrows through this layer, rips into arterial walls and re-wires them to channel blood straight to the hungry embryo. It delves deep into the surrounding tissues, razes them and pumps the arteries full of hormones so they expand into the space created. It paralyzes these arteries so the mother cannot even constrict them.

What this means is that the growing fetus now has direct, unrestricted access to its mother's blood supply. It can manufacture hormones and use them to manipulate her. It can, for instance, increase her blood sugar, dilate her arteries, and inflate her blood pressure to provide itself with more nutrients. And it does. Some fetal cells find their way through the placenta and into the mother's bloodstream. They will grow in her blood and organs, and even in her brain, for the rest of her life, making her a genetic chimera**.

This might seem rather disrespectful. In fact, it's sibling rivalry at its evolutionary best. You see, mother and fetus have quite distinct evolutionary interests. The mother 'wants' to dedicate approximately equal resources to all her surviving children, including possible future children, and none to those who will die. The fetus 'wants' to survive, and take as much as it can get. (The quotes are to indicate that this isn't about what they consciously want, but about what evolution tends to optimize.)

There's also a third player here – the father, whose interests align still less with the mother's because her other offspring may not be his. Through a process called genomic imprinting, certain fetal genes inherited from the father can activate in the placenta. These genes ruthlessly promote the welfare of the offspring at the mother's expense.

How did we come to acquire this ravenous hemochorial placenta which gives our fetuses and their fathers such unusual power? Whilst we can see some trend toward increasingly invasive placentae within primates, the full answer is lost in the mists of time. Uteri do not fossilize well.

The consequences, however, are clear. Normal mammalian pregnancy is a well-ordered affair because the mother is a despot. Her offspring live or die at her will; she controls their nutrient supply, and she can expel or reabsorb them any time. Human pregnancy, on the other hand, is run by committee – and not just any committee, but one whose members often have very different, competing interests and share only partial information. It's a tug-of-war that not infrequently deteriorates to a tussle and, occasionally, to outright warfare. Many potentially lethal disorders, such as ectopic pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia can be traced to mis-steps in this intimate game.

What does all this have to do with menstruation? We're getting there.

From a female perspective, pregnancy is always a huge investment. Even more so if her species has a hemochorial placenta. Once that placenta is in place, she not only loses full control of her own hormones, she also risks hemorrhage when it comes out. So it makes sense that females want to screen embryos very, very carefully. Going through pregnancy with a weak, inviable or even sub-par fetus isn't worth it.

That's where the endometrium comes in. You've probably read about how the endometrium is this snuggly, welcoming environment just waiting to enfold the delicate young embryo in its nurturing embrace. In fact, it's quite the reverse. Researchers, bless their curious little hearts, have tried to implant embryos all over the bodies of mice. The single most difficult place for them to grow was – the endometrium.

Far from offering a nurturing embrace, the endometrium is a lethal testing-ground which only the toughest embryos survive. The longer the female can delay that placenta reaching her bloodstream, the longer she has to decide if she wants to dispose of this embryo without significant cost. The embryo, in contrast, wants to implant its placenta as quickly as possible, both to obtain access to its mother's rich blood, and to increase her stake in its survival. For this reason, the endometrium got thicker and tougher – and the fetal placenta got correspondingly more aggressive.

But this development posed a further problem: what to do when the embryo died or was stuck half-alive in the uterus? The blood supply to the endometrial surface must be restricted, or the embryo would simply attach the placenta there. But restricting the blood supply makes the tissue weakly responsive to hormonal signals from the mother – and potentially more responsive to signals from nearby embryos, who naturally would like to persuade the endometrium to be more friendly. In addition, this makes it vulnerable to infection, especially when it already contains dead and dying tissues.

The solution, for higher primates, was to slough off the whole superficial endometrium – dying embryos and all – after every ovulation that didn't result in a healthy pregnancy. It's not exactly brilliant, but it works, and most importantly, it's easily achieved by making some alterations to a chemical pathway normally used by the fetus during pregnancy. In other words, it's just the kind of effect natural selection is renowned for: odd, hackish solutions that work to solve proximate problems. It's not quite as bad as it seems, because in nature, women would experience periods quite rarely – probably no more than a few tens of times in their lives between lactational amenorrhea and pregnancies***.

We don't really know how our hyper-aggressive placenta is linked to the other traits that combine to make humanity unique. But these traits did emerge together somehow, and that means in some sense the ancients were perhaps right. When we metaphorically 'ate the fruit of knowledge' – when we began our journey toward science and technology that would separate us from innocent animals and also lead to our peculiar sense of sexual morality – perhaps that was the same time the unique suffering of menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth was inflicted on women. All thanks to the evolution of the hemochorial placenta.

Links:
The evolution of menstruation: A new model for genetic assimilation
Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy.
Menstruation: a nonadaptive consequence of uterin... [Q Rev Biol. 1998]
Natural Selection of Human Embryos: Decidualizing Endometrial Stromal Cells Serve as Sensors of Embryo Quality upon Implantation

Credits: During my pregnancy I was privileged to audit a class at Harvard University by the eminent Professor David Haig, whose insight underlies much of this research. Thanks also to Edgar A. Duenez-Guzman, who reminded me of crucial details. All errors are mine alone.

*Dogs undergo vaginal bleeding, but do not menstruate. Elephant shrews were previously thought to menstruate, but it's now believed that these events were most likely spontaneous abortions.

** Scientists Discover Children’s Cells Living in Mothers’ Brains (Thanks to Robyn Adair for the link).

***I initially said 7-10 times based on my course notes, but haven't been able to source that statistic so I'm assuming I misheard. One older published estimate for hunter gatherers was around 50, but this relied on several assumptions that suggest it's a significant over-estimate. In particular, it includes 3 whole years of menstruation before reproduction (36 periods) for no obvious reason.

We can make an estimate from studies of the Hadza of Tanzania, who reach puberty around 18, bear an  average of 6.2 children in their lives (plus 2-3 noticeable miscarriages) starting at 19, and go  through menopause at about 43 if they survive that long (about 50%  don't). Around 20% of babies die in their first year; the remainder  breastfeed for about 4 years. So this is 25 years of reproductive life, of which about 20 are spent lactating, and 4.5 pregnant. That would leave only about 6 periods, but amenorrhoea would cease during the last year of lactation for each child, so this figure is too low. On the other hand,  this calculation ignores the ~50% of women who died before menopause,  miscarriages, months spent breastfeeding infants who would die, and periods of food scarcity, all of which would further reduce lifetime  menstruation. Stats from: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Ehb...

Wednesday, July 23, 2014

Is there a Dredd-style AW playbook? I don't see one on nerdwerds.

Is there a Dredd-style AW playbook? I don't see one on nerdwerds.

DW's Paladin could absolutely be a Street Judge, but I want questions and bonds fitting for the character type.

What is a game about? Whatever it is, it should be consistent.

What is a game about? Whatever it is, it should be consistent.

Fate varies based upon the fiction, but the game elements are about using aspects and your own skills to beat numbers. Fine. Diaspora (fate space hack) is about keeping a ship flying, much like Traveler.

DW characters are good at fighting, defying danger, talking, undertaking perilious journeys.The DW fighter has called out moves to be good at fighting, breaking stuff, and has a cool sword.

DnD fifth edition says there are three pillars of adventure: exploration, social interaction, and combat.

And, as I look at the fighter, what one thing is it good at? Fighting. 

Then there's too many words, and I get lost in the pdf -- and I just finished  _Words of Radiance_, the longest book Tor has ever published. I can't imagine how other people feel.

That is, folks without the time to read hundreds of pages for a game, or who don't like math, or who have never wanted to look at lists of swords.

I have enjoyed all that in the past; I don't so much anymore. It puts me in a weird position - being able to sense a value in the math, and lookup tables but not actually finding it valuable or interesting.

Passing around AGAIN.

Passing around AGAIN.

Originally shared by Vox

Go ahead, write everybody in the US a check. The sky won't fall — but poverty rates will.
http://www.vox.com/2014/7/23/5925041/guaranteed-income-basic-poverty-gobry-labor-supply?utm_medium=social&utm_source=google_plus&utm_campaign=voxdotcom&utm_content=wednesday

Internet, help me decide.

Internet, help me decide. I'm at home sick, and want to put on a movie to ignore while I work on feeling better. Should it be:
a. Equilibrium
b. Dredd (2012)
c. District B13
d. Something else?

You have until 3 PM Eastern, at which time I'll start a movie.

Help me internet, your my only hope.

Monday, July 21, 2014

We have an answer to the question: Can the Tribunal be run outside of a con?

We have an answer to the question: Can the Tribunal be run outside of a con?

Yes.

With no experts physically present, we had 8 players + Facilitator. And it worked beautifully. Hawk was oppressive as hell, mouse was scared, and Peacock was shatteringly loud.

Saturday, July 19, 2014

One last push: In the DC area, we are doing The Tribunal tonight.

One last push: In the DC area, we are doing The Tribunal tonight. This is the most amazing, brutual RPG I've ever played. It changed my relationship with RPGs. I cannot give enough praise to this game.

After the first time, I thought, I wrote, I sat alone. I quoted rage against the machine lyrics. I might have even shed a tear or two. We're running it tonight

Due to last-minute cancellations, we are a few people short of a run full. If you want to play in this amazing freeform, nordic RPG, respond here.

Not convinced? Read mere here: http://nordiclarp.org/wiki/The_Tribunal

And because I may not have internet later, let me ping someone involved: Rachael Storey Burke 
http://nordiclarp.org/wiki/The_Tribunal